VS2010稽查内存泄露

VS2010检查内存泄露

VS2010中的C++程序内存泄露检测

    MFC程序是支持内存检测的。对于非MFC程序而言,CRT有一套内存泄露的函数,最常用的是 _CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();如下所示:

#include <crtdbg.h>
int main() {
	int *pInt = new int();
	char *pChar = new char();
	double *pDouble = new double();
	// position 1
	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();

	return 0;
}
    运行之后,结果如图1所示:
VS2010稽查内存泄露

   可以看到,在第71次({71})分配内存时发生了泄露,略有不足的是,没有显示出是哪一行导致的内存泄露。将#include <crtdbg.h>(<crtdgb.h>必须被包含)改为如下:

#ifdef _DEBUG
#define DEBUG_CLIENTBLOCK   new( _CLIENT_BLOCK, __FILE__, __LINE__)
#else
#define DEBUG_CLIENTBLOCK
#endif
#define _CRTDBG_MAP_ALLOC
#include <crtdbg.h>
#ifdef _DEBUG
#define new DEBUG_CLIENTBLOCK
#endif
    运行之后,结果如图2所示:

VS2010稽查内存泄露

    可以看到是因为main.cpp的第16行导致了4 bytes的内存泄露,第17行...第18行...

    但是这段代码仍然存在一些问题,例如_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks()放在position 1时,虽然接下来使用delete释放new分配的内存,但是运行后结果与图2仍然相同。如下所示:

int main() {
	int *pInt = new int();
	char *pChar = new char();
	double *pDouble = new double();
	// position 1
	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();

	delete pInt;
	delete pChar;
	delete pDouble;	
	//position 2
//	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
	return 0;
}
    最好的办法是将_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks()放置在函数的出口处(如position 2处)。

    这个方法对于C++中由程序员自定义的类对象创建和销毁是不够正确的,如下所示:

class Apple {
public:
	Apple(){ ptr = new char(); }
	~Apple(){ delete ptr; }
	char *ptr;
};

int main() {
	int *pInt = new int();
	char *pChar = new char();
	double *pDouble = new double();
	// position 1
//	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
	Apple app;

	delete pInt;
	delete pChar;
	delete pDouble;	
	//position 2
	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
	return 0;
}
    运行结果如图3所示:

VS2010稽查内存泄露

    其中第17行的代码为

	Apple(){ ptr = new double(); }
    可以看到即使类Apple中定义了析构函数释放内存,但是position 2处的_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();仍然给出了内存泄露的信息。

    改进的方法就是在分配内存之前使用_CrtSetDbgFlag()函数(_CrtSetDbgFlag()可以在程序退出时调用_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks()),如下所示:

 int _CrtSetDbgFlag( int newFlag );
    newFlag的参数如下所示(详见_CrtSetDbgFlag函数介绍和MSDN的_CrtSetDbgFlag函数):

Bit field Default Description
_CRTDBG_ALLOC-
_MEM_DF
ON ON: Enable debug heap allocations and use of memory block type identifiers, such as_CLIENT_BLOCK.
OFF: Add new allocations to heap’s linked list, but set block type to _IGNORE_BLOCK.
_CRTDBG_CHECK-
_ALWAYS_DF
OFF ON: Call _CrtCheckMemory at every allocation and deallocation request.
OFF: _CrtCheckMemory must be called explicitly.
_CRTDBG_CHECK-
_CRT_DF
OFF ON: Include _CRT_BLOCK types in leak detection and memory state difference operations.
OFF: Memory used internally by the run-time library is ignored by these operations.
_CRTDBG_DELAY-
_FREE_MEM_DF
OFF ON: Keep freed memory blocks in the heap’s linked list, assign them the_FREE_BLOCK type, and fill them with the byte value 0xDD.
OFF: Do not keep freed blocks in the heap’s linked list.
_CRTDBG_LEAK-
_CHECK_DF
OFF ON: Perform automatic leak checking at program exit via a call to_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks and generate an error report if the application failed to free all the memory it allocated.
OFF: Do not automatically perform leak checking at program exit.

int main() {
	_CrtSetDbgFlag ( _CRTDBG_ALLOC_MEM_DF | _CRTDBG_LEAK_CHECK_DF );
	int *pInt = new int();
	char *pChar = new char();
	double *pDouble = new double();
	// position 1
//	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
	Apple app;

//	delete pInt;
	delete pChar;
	delete pDouble;	
	//position 2
//	_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks();
	return 0;
}
    运行结果如图4所示:

VS2010稽查内存泄露

    正确的指出了pInt指向的内存没有释放,类Apple的正确行为不再显示。

    如果将Apple类的析构函数变化一下

	~Apple(){ delete ptr; }
    变为:

	~Apple(){  }
   运行结果如图5所示:

VS2010稽查内存泄露

    可以看到_CrtSetDbgFlag()函数正确地指出了Apple类对象的内存没有释放

    参考的文章有内存管理:_CrtDumpMemoryLeaks和_CrtSetBreakAlloc和使用_CrtSetDbgFlag检测内存泄露和检测C++的内存泄漏(win7 64 vs2010)和atexit_百度百科。


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